Review from Iuga and McGuire (2014) considering the most recent developments in adherence research with a focus on the impact of medication adherence on health care costs in the US health system. They describe the magnitude of the nonadherence problem and related costs, with an extensive discussion of the mechanisms underlying the impact of nonadherence on costs. Specifically, they summarize the impact of nonadherence on health care costs in several chronic diseases, such as diabetes and asthma. A brief analysis of existing research study designs, along with suggestions for future research focus, is provided. Finally, given the ongoing changes in the US health care system, they also address some of the most relevant and current trends in health care, including pharmacist-led medication therapy management and electronic (e)-prescribing.